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Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
LS_Mean 1 180 3.4222 .73626 .05488
2 218 3.6908 .70679 .04787
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of t-test for Equality of
Variances Means
[…]
Run MATRIX procedure:
Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
Model : 4
Y : LS_Mean
X : IQ_Mean
M : TU_Mean
Sample
Size: 400
OUTCOME VARIABLE:
TU_Mean
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2
p
.2603 .0677 .5153 28.9156 1.0000 398.0000 .00
00
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant 2.4815 .1891 13.1212 .0000 2.1097 2.8533
IQ_Mean .2748 .0511 5.3773 .0000 .1743 .3752
Standardized coefficients
coeff
IQ_Mean .2603
OUTCOME VARIABLE:
LS_Mean
Model Summary
Page 26
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2
p
.5519 .3046 .3725 86.9548 2.0000 397.0000 .00
00
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant 1.0707 .1924 5.5638 .0000 .6924 1.4491
IQ_Mean .4201 .0450 9.3370 .0000 .3316 .5085
TU_Mean .2796 .0426 6.5620 .0000 .1959 .3634
Standardized coefficients
coeff
IQ_Mean .4047
TU_Mean .2844
OUTCOME VARIABLE:
LS_Mean
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2
p
.4787 .2292 .4118 118.3430 1.0000 398.0000 .00
00
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant 1.7647 .1691 10.4376 .0000 1.4323 2.0971
IQ_Mean .4969 .0457 10.8786 .0000 .4071 .5867
Standardized coefficients
coeff
IQ_Mean .4787
Total effect of X on Y
Effect se t p LLCI ULCI c_
cs
.4969 .0457 10.8786 .0000 .4071 .5867 .47
87
Direct effect of X on Y
Page 27
Effect se t p LLCI ULCI c'_
cs
.4201 .0450 9.3370 .0000 .3316 .5085 .40
47
Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
TU_Mean .0768 .0180 .0442 .1142
Completely standardized indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
TU_Mean .0740 .0167 .0431 .1081
Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output:
95.0000
Number of bootstrap samples for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals:
5000
------- H1: Testul t pentru eșantioane independente (LS_Mean în funcție de Gen)
- H8: Analiza de mediare — PROCESS Model 4, 5000 de eșantioane bootstrap (IQ_Mean → TU_Mean → LS_Mean)
H1
A fost aplicat testul t pentru eșantioane independente pentru a examina dacă LS_Mean diferă între grupul de Gen 1 și grupul de Gen 2. Testul Levene pentru omogenitatea varianței a fost nesemnificativ, F(1, 396) = 0.31, p = .578, prin urmare s-a presupus egalitatea varianțelor. Analiza, efectuată pe N = 398 (două cazuri cu Gen = 3 au fost excluse), a evidențiat o diferență semnificativă statistic între grupul de Gen 1 (M = 3.42, SD = 0.74) și grupul de Gen 2 (M = 3.69, SD = 0.71), t(396) = −3.703, p < .001, 95% CI [−.411, −.126], diferența dintre medii = −0.27. d Cohen = 0.37, indicând o mărime a efectului mică (Cohen, 1988). H1 a fost susținută.
Tabelul 1: Statistici de grup și rezultatele testului t pentru eșantioane independente pentru LS_Mean în funcție de Gen
| Grup | n | M | SD | t | df | p | 95% CI | d Cohen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gen 1 | 180 | 3.42 | 0.74 | −3.703 | 396 | < .001 | [−.411, −.126] | 0.37 |
| Gen 2 | 218 | 3.69 | 0.71 |
Notă. Testul Levene F(1, 396) = 0.31, p = .578; s-a presupus egalitatea varianțelor. N = 398. d Cohen interpretat conform Cohen (1988).
H8
A fost efectuată analiza de mediare PROCESS Model 4 (Hayes, 2022) utilizând 5000 de eșantioane bootstrap pentru a examina dacă TU_Mean mediază relația dintre IQ_Mean și LS_Mean. Calea a, reprezentând efectul lui IQ_Mean asupra TU_Mean, a fost semnificativă, B = 0.275, SE = 0.051, t = 5.377, p < .001, 95% CI [.174, .375]. Calea b, reprezentând efectul lui TU_Mean asupra LS_Mean cu controlul lui IQ_Mean, a fost de asemenea semnificativă, B = 0.280, SE = 0.043, t = 6.562, p < .001, 95% CI [.196, .363]. Efectul indirect al lui IQ_Mean asupra LS_Mean prin intermediul TU_Mean a fost semnificativ, B = 0.077, BootSE = 0.018, 95% Boot CI [.044, .114], deoarece intervalul de încredere a exclus zero. Efectul indirect complet standardizat a fost .074. Efectul direct al lui IQ_Mean asupra LS_Mean a rămas semnificativ după controlul lui TU_Mean, B = 0.420, SE = 0.045, t = 9.337, p < .001, 95% CI [.332, .509]. Efectul total al lui IQ_Mean asupra LS_Mean a fost B = 0.497, SE = 0.046, t = 10.879, p < .001, 95% CI [.407, .587]. Deoarece atât efectul indirect, cât și efectul direct au fost semnificative, rezultatele au indicat o mediare parțială. H8 a fost susținută.
Tabelul 8: Efectele directe, indirecte și totale pentru medierea TU_Mean în relația IQ_Mean → LS_Mean
| Efect | B | SE | t | p | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calea a: IQ_Mean → TU_Mean | 0.275 | 0.051 | 5.377 | < .001 | [.174, .375] |
| Calea b: TU_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.280 | 0.043 | 6.562 | < .001 | [.196, .363] |
| Efect direct: IQ_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.420 | 0.045 | 9.337 | < .001 | [.332, .509] |
| Efect total: IQ_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.497 | 0.046 | 10.879 | < .001 | [.407, .587] |
| Efect indirect: IQ_Mean → TU_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.077 | 0.018ᵃ | — | — | [.044, .114]ᵃ |
Notă. N = 400. Medierea a fost estimată utilizând PROCESS Model 4 (Hayes, 2022) cu 5000 de eșantioane bootstrap. Intervalul de încredere de 95% pentru efectul indirect este un interval de încredere bootstrap corectat pentru bias. ᵃBootSE și Boot CI. Efectul indirect complet standardizat = .074. A fost indicată o mediare parțială.
Referințe
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
- H1: Independent Samples t-Test (LS_Mean by Gender)
- H8: Mediation Analysis — PROCESS Model 4, 5,000 bootstrap samples (IQ_Mean → TU_Mean → LS_Mean)
H1
An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine whether LS_Mean differed between Gender group 1 and Gender group 2. Levene's test for equality of variances was non-significant, F(1, 396) = 0.31, p = .578, so equal variances were assumed. The analysis, conducted on N = 398 (two cases with Gender = 3 were excluded), revealed a statistically significant difference between Gender group 1 (M = 3.42, SD = 0.74) and Gender group 2 (M = 3.69, SD = 0.71), t(396) = −3.703, p < .001, 95% CI [−.411, −.126], mean difference = −0.27. Cohen's d = 0.37, indicating a small effect size (Cohen, 1988). H1 was supported.
Table 1: Group Statistics and Independent Samples t-Test Results for LS_Mean by Gender
| Group | n | M | SD | t | df | p | 95% CI | Cohen's d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender 1 | 180 | 3.42 | 0.74 | −3.703 | 396 | < .001 | [−.411, −.126] | 0.37 |
| Gender 2 | 218 | 3.69 | 0.71 |
Note. Levene's F(1, 396) = 0.31, p = .578; equal variances assumed. N = 398. Cohen's d interpreted using Cohen (1988).
H8
PROCESS Model 4 mediation analysis (Hayes, 2022) was conducted using 5,000 bootstrap samples to examine whether TU_Mean mediated the relationship between IQ_Mean and LS_Mean. The a-path, representing the effect of IQ_Mean on TU_Mean, was significant, B = 0.275, SE = 0.051, t = 5.377, p < .001, 95% CI [.174, .375]. The b-path, representing the effect of TU_Mean on LS_Mean controlling for IQ_Mean, was also significant, B = 0.280, SE = 0.043, t = 6.562, p < .001, 95% CI [.196, .363]. The indirect effect of IQ_Mean on LS_Mean through TU_Mean was significant, B = 0.077, BootSE = 0.018, 95% Boot CI [.044, .114], as the confidence interval excluded zero. The completely standardized indirect effect was .074. The direct effect of IQ_Mean on LS_Mean remained significant after controlling for TU_Mean, B = 0.420, SE = 0.045, t = 9.337, p < .001, 95% CI [.332, .509]. The total effect of IQ_Mean on LS_Mean was B = 0.497, SE = 0.046, t = 10.879, p < .001, 95% CI [.407, .587]. Because both the indirect effect and the direct effect were significant, the results indicated partial mediation. H8 was supported.
Table 8: Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects for the Mediation of TU_Mean in the IQ_Mean → LS_Mean Relationship
| Effect | B | SE | t | p | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a-path: IQ_Mean → TU_Mean | 0.275 | 0.051 | 5.377 | < .001 | [.174, .375] |
| b-path: TU_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.280 | 0.043 | 6.562 | < .001 | [.196, .363] |
| Direct effect: IQ_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.420 | 0.045 | 9.337 | < .001 | [.332, .509] |
| Total effect: IQ_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.497 | 0.046 | 10.879 | < .001 | [.407, .587] |
| Indirect effect: IQ_Mean → TU_Mean → LS_Mean | 0.077 | 0.018ᵃ | — | — | [.044, .114]ᵃ |
Note. N = 400. Mediation estimated using PROCESS Model 4 (Hayes, 2022) with 5,000 bootstrap samples. The 95% CI for the indirect effect is a bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval. ᵃBootSE and Boot CI. Completely standardized indirect effect = .074. Partial mediation was indicated.
References
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine whether LS_Mean differed between Gender 1 and Gender 2 groups (N = 398). Prior to the analysis, Levene's test for equality of variances was non-significant, Levene's F(1, 396) = 0.31, p = .578, so the equal variances assumed row was used. The test revealed a statistically significant difference, t(396) = −3.703, p < .001, 95% CI [−0.41, −0.13], with Gender 1 (M =…
A fost aplicat testul t pentru eșantioane independente pentru a examina dacă satisfacția față de învățare diferă între grupul Gender 1 și grupul Gender 2 (N = 398). Înainte de analiză, testul Levene pentru egalitatea varianțelor a fost nesemnificativ, Levene's F(1, 396) = 0.31, p = .578, prin urmare a fost utilizat rândul corespunzător varianțelor egale asumate. Testul a relevat o diferență semnificativă statistic, t(396) = −3.703, p < .001, 95% CI [−0.41, −0.13], grupul Gender 1 (M = 3.42, SD = 0.74) raportând o s…
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