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Scenario

Four study variables on a 5-point Likert scale (N = 400): means, dispersion and normality.

Descriptives

                                         Descriptive Statistics
                         N         Minimum     Maximum       Mean       Std. Deviation   Skewness
                      Statistic    Statistic    Statistic   Statistic     Statistic       Statistic
LS_Mean                   400          1.20          5.00   3.5705            .73004        -.305         .122
IQ_Mean                   400          1.40          5.00   3.6340            .70334        -.269         .122
TU_Mean                   400          1.40          5.00   3.4800            .74255        -.157         .122
PI_Mean                   400          1.50          5.00   3.2256            .76348         .027         .122
Valid N (listwise)        400

                                         Descriptive Statistics
                     Skewness             Kurtosis
                      Std. Error   Statistic   Std. Error
LS_Mean                   .122        -.235          .243
IQ_Mean                   .122        -.009          .243
TU_Mean                   .122        -.407          .243
PI_Mean                   .122        -.615          .243
Valid N (listwise)

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Output: APA interpretation

Tests Performed

Descriptive Statistics (M, SD, Min, Max, Skewness, Kurtosis)
Normality assessment via skewness and kurtosis

The variables were measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Descriptive statistics were computed for all four study variables. IQ_Mean obtained the highest mean score (M = 3.63, SD = 0.70), followed by LS_Mean (M = 3.57, SD = 0.73), TU_Mean (M = 3.48, SD = 0.74), and PI_Mean (M = 3.23, SD = 0.76), which recorded the lowest mean. Applying the interpretation thresholds for a 5-point scale (Low: 1.00–2.33; Moderate: 2.34–3.66; High: 3.67–5.00), all four variables fell within the moderate range.

Regarding the normality of the data, skewness values ranged from -0.305 (LS_Mean) to 0.027 (PI_Mean), and kurtosis values ranged from -0.615 (PI_Mean) to -0.009 (IQ_Mean). All skewness values were within the acceptable threshold of |Skew| < 2.0 (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2014), and all kurtosis values were within the acceptable threshold of |Kurt| < 7.0 (Byrne, 2010). These results indicated that the distributions of all variables approximated normality and were suitable for subsequent parametric analyses.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics

Variable	M	SD	Min	Max	Skew	Kurt	Level
IQ_Mean	3.63	0.70	1.4	5.0	-0.269	-0.009	Moderate
LS_Mean	3.57	0.73	1.2	5.0	-0.305	-0.235	Moderate
TU_Mean	3.48	0.74	1.4	5.0	-0.157	-0.407	Moderate
PI_Mean	3.23	0.76	1.5	5.0	0.027	-0.615	Moderate

Note. Variables are ordered from highest to lowest mean. Scale range: 1–5 (Low: 1.00–2.33; Moderate: 2.34–3.66; High: 3.67–5.00). All skewness and kurtosis values fall within acceptable thresholds (|Skew| < 2.0, Gravetter & Wallnau, 2014; |Kurt| < 7.0, Byrne, 2010), indicating approximate normality.

References

Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2014). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Wadsworth.

How these examples were produced

Each example is the unedited output of the Chapter 4 Interpreter for a real SPSS output file (a 400-respondent survey with four Likert scales), generated on 6 September 2026 and checked number by number against the SPSS tables by the Uedufy team. The translations were produced by the same tool and reviewed by native speakers where noted. Nothing here was written by hand.

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