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Scenario

Four scales, 4–5 items each: Cronbach's alpha, item-total correlations and alpha-if-deleted.

Reliability Statistics

                     Cronbach's
                   Alpha Based on
  Cronbach's        Standardized
     Alpha              Items              N of Items
          .868                 .868                  5

                 Item Statistics
           Mean           Std. Deviation            N
LS1            3.59                 .914            400
LS2            3.56                 .874            400
LS3            3.57                 .887            400
LS4            3.52                 .934            400
LS5            3.63                 .901            400

                 Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
            LS1             LS2             LS3           LS4           LS5
LS1         1.000            .529            .603          .625          .593
LS2            .529         1.000            .577          .555          .534
LS3            .603          .577           1.000          .579          .540
LS4            .625          .555            .579         1.000          .550
LS5            .593          .534            .540          .550         1.000

                                       Item-Total Statistics
                                                     Corrected Item-       Squared      Cronbach's
          Scale Mean if       Scale Variance              Total            Multiple     Alpha if Item
          Item Deleted        if Item Deleted          Correlation        Correlation      Deleted
LS1                14.27                   8.622                 .721            .529           .833
LS2                14.29                   9.076                 .662            .444           .848
LS3                14.29                   8.841                 .700            .495           .838
LS4                14.34                   8.594                 .705            .502           .837
LS5                14.23                   8.908                 .670            .453           .846

                  Scale Statistics
  Mean       Variance        Std. Deviation         N of Items
  17.85          13.324               3.650                 5

RELIABILITY
 /VARIABLES=IQ1 IQ2 IQ3 IQ4 IQ5
                                                                                                        Page 3

  /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL
  /MODEL=ALPHA
  /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE CORR
  /SUMMARY=TOTAL.

Reliability

                                       Notes
 Output Created                                          19-MAY-2026 16:19:15
 Comments
 Input                    Data

Output: APA interpretation

Tests Performed

Cronbach's Alpha reliability analysis
Item-total correlation analysis
Alpha-if-item-deleted analysis

A reliability analysis was conducted to assess the internal consistency of all scales used in the study. Using the guidelines proposed by George and Mallery (2003), Cronbach's alpha coefficients were interpreted as follows: ≥ .90 = excellent, .80–.89 = good, .70–.79 = acceptable, .60–.69 = questionable, .50–.59 = poor, and < .50 = unacceptable. The LS scale (5 items) yielded a Cronbach's alpha of α = .868, indicating good internal consistency. The IQ scale (5 items) demonstrated good reliability (α = .860), as did the TU scale (5 items; α = .871) and the PI scale (4 items; α = .820). Taken together, all four scales demonstrated good internal consistency, supporting their suitability for use in subsequent analyses.

Item-total correlation analyses were conducted to further evaluate scale quality. Following the criterion recommended by Field (2018), corrected item-total correlations should exceed .30 to indicate that an item is measuring the same underlying construct as the scale. For the LS scale, corrected item-total correlations ranged from .662 to .721, and removing any item would not have improved scale reliability. For the IQ scale, corrected item-total correlations ranged from .664 to .698, with no item deletion improving alpha. For the TU scale, corrected item-total correlations ranged from .680 to .723, and no item deletion would have resulted in a higher alpha coefficient. For the PI scale, corrected item-total correlations ranged from .632 to .647, and no item deletion would have improved reliability. All items across all four scales demonstrated acceptable item-total correlations well above the .30 threshold (Field, 2018), and the alpha-if-item-deleted values confirmed that each item was contributing positively to its respective scale. These findings collectively indicate that all scales possessed satisfactory internal consistency for research purposes.

Table 1: Item-Total Statistics

Item	Corrected Item-Total r	Alpha if Item Deleted
LS1	0.721	0.833
LS2	0.662	0.848
LS3	0.700	0.838
LS4	0.705	0.837
LS5	0.670	0.846
IQ1	0.681	0.830
IQ2	0.674	0.832
IQ3	0.664	0.835
IQ4	0.670	0.833
IQ5	0.698	0.826
TU1	0.680	0.848
TU2	0.723	0.837
TU3	0.688	0.846
TU4	0.705	0.842
TU5	0.685	0.846
PI1	0.646	0.772
PI2	0.643	0.773
PI3	0.647	0.771
PI4	0.632	0.778

Note. Items with corrected item-total correlations < .30 may not be measuring the same construct (Field, 2018). All items in the present study exceeded this threshold.

References

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 11.0 update (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.

How these examples were produced

Each example is the unedited output of the Chapter 4 Interpreter for a real SPSS output file (a 400-respondent survey with four Likert scales), generated on 6 September 2026 and checked number by number against the SPSS tables by the Uedufy team. The translations were produced by the same tool and reviewed by native speakers where noted. Nothing here was written by hand.

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